Graduation Speech Essay - 846 Words

As a graduation speaker, Im supposed to stand up here reflectively gazing out upon the few, the proud, the chosen: the Class of 2012, and point in general directions while saying the clichà ©, Among us I see the first female president and a future congressman and the next mayor of Everett. But besides that I would never in my most vengeful moments wish those positions upon any of you, I cannot make those assertions because I am categorically against campaigns of any kind. Inspirational speaker John Bytheway said, Success is more likely to come naturally from living life fully than by a direct and pointed campaign to achieve that long-range goal. This asserts that its better to achieve by living deliberately than by doorbelling.†¦show more content†¦We must keep our eyes on the prize, but we cant be afraid to glance around at our surroundings. Instead of being obsessed with the end, enjoy the journey. Instead of campaigning, we should concentrate on living to the fullest extent, seizing the day, each day, every day. Instead of being competitive, be compassionate. Then, win or lose, we will have gleaned something from every experience. We all know this and practice it already. In the book The Chosen, David Malter says, The greatest things that will ever happen in your life will often be the result of silly things, as you call them - ordinary things is a better expression. A lot of silly things happen in high school, everything from Personal Floatation Device Day to the unveiling of the Pep Potty at assemblies. Each day is certainly packed with the ordinary: tests, homework, running into doors as they swing open into the hallways. But those things add up, and sincerity and candor transform the silly and ordinary into the extraordinary. Moms and Dads, youre not on a crusade to make the centerfold of Parenting magazine when you pack lunches and tuck notes into the brown bags, notes that are treasured by your child, who is teased by people like me. You have your own reasons for bringing forgotten assignments and PE clothes during your lunch break. Teachers, hopefully youre not holding out for a raise when you donate your face toShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech : My Graduation Essay1022 Words   |  5 Pages My Graduation A Graduation ceremony is one of the major steps in life, it marks the start of new changes in our lives. It ushers us into growing up and be responsible for our actions. It marks a new dawn of embracing life experiences, cultivation of good work ethics and eventually culminates in chasing our dreams. On my graduation day, I woke up to the sweet aroma of the breakfast my sister was making. I sat down to eat when the food was ready. It took me about 2 hours to finishRead MoreGraduation Speech1128 Words   |  5 PagesSasenarine Tomby Graduation Speech 2011 Good afternoon [name of members of the head table], teachers, parents, students, fellow graduates and distinguished guests. I must first and foremost thank God for this blessing and honor to stand before you today as Valedictorian of the Class of 2011. Yet, today is not only my day to shine. Every graduate present here is deserving of high praise and recognition and I would like to congratulate each of you on reaching this milestone in life. IRead MoreGraduation Speech650 Words   |  3 PagesCongratulations everyone, congratulations. If youre participating in this graduation ceremony, youve taken the next step toward your future goals and dreams. For those of you that just finished your transfer degrees, congratulations. To those of you that came back to school after a few years off to get a better education, congratulations. To those of you that came to get a certificate or learn IT or computer programming so you can get a better job, congratulations. Now that youre moving onRead More Graduation Speech Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesLadies, gentlemen, parents, friends, family, staff, fellow students: Instead of taking up more time and reading my speech, it is available to you at http://www.olen’s_speech.com. Thank you. No, just kidding. But seriously folks... Today we are gathered here to celebrate our graduation from 12 long years of schooling. The education granted to us has been a privilege. One so graciously given to us by the citizens of our state, by our community, and by our parents. Today would not beRead More Graduation Speech Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesyou might ever sit through. Most of us, though, and I regret that I am in this group, will sit through many more ceremonies -- ceremonies longer and more tedious that this or anything else you can imagine. If you think this is bad, try a college graduation. Think, that is, attend a wedding. And, if just for a moment you think that that is bad, just be thankful you have never attended or will attend a Bar Mitzvah. The only ceremony I think anybody would truly enjoy attending is a funeral. But, onlyRead MoreEssay on Graduation Speech830 Words   |  4 Pagesthe senior class president. A few weeks ago, I was told that I would be speaking at graduation. I was asked to put together a speech for tonight -- Ive become experienced at speech writing over the past couple of weeks. The speech that you are hearing is the fourth one Ive written, the recycle bin needs to be emptied at home and I need a new highlighter. Thank you, Mr. Mier, you get an A+ for your help as my speech teacher but an F for saving trees. Tonight Id like to talk to three groupsRead MoreAn Example of a Graduation Speech653 Words   |  3 Pageswriting papers, doing homework, taking an occasional pop quiz, and of course taking countless exams, it is that time that we all anticipate†¦Graduation! Purpose Statement: Since the majority of us are seniors, and graduation is a little less than a month away, I am going to provide you with some historical background information and some fun facts about graduation in order to make the occasion even more meaningful than it already is. Road Map: Most of you could probably agree that high school wasRead More Graduation Speech Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy abroad, and with the great help of the Turner family, Ms. Joy Fitzpatrick who is the international student program coordinator, and my parents, I entered America as an international student on March 11, 2001, only one week after my high school graduation in Japan. It seems as though yesterday when I saw my host mom crying at the airport to see me landed to America safely, as if she were welcoming back her own daughter. I still recall the very first class I took. I was so scared and nervous thatRead More Graduation Speech Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagesthis graduation speech, several people suggested including a profound quote offering â€Å"encouraging advice to the young graduates†, and then there were others who said, â€Å"eh don’t worry about it, no one listens to those anyway.† Fortunately, I was actually able to take from both suggestions and found a happy balance. You see, I won’t tell you today to: â€Å"Dare to dream† or â€Å"Find your own vision† or even to â€Å"Strive for excellence,† or any trite clichà © that’s ever been said in a graduation speech. SoRead More Graduation Speech Essay560 Words   |  3 PagesWhen they were trying to find someone to give this speech they first asked the most intelligent, smart person they could find. But she turned them down. So then they asked the most beautiful, lovely, attractive person they could find. She also turned them down. Next they asked the nicest, sweetest, kindest, most sincere person they could find. Then I decided it would be rude to turn them down three times in a row, so here I am. How many people here like tomato soup? Come on, raise your hand if

Administrative Reform in Bd Free Essays

string(93) " 1971 after a civil war 17 reforms have been taken from which some reforms are very crucial\." [pic] ASSIGNMENT ON ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM SUBMITTED TO SHAMIMA AKHTER [pic] (JKKNIU) SUBMITTED BY SAIFUDDIN AHAMMED MONNNA Dept. of Public Administration and Governance (JKKNIU) Roll no-11123144, Session-2010-2011 Course code PA-122 {1th Batch (1st year) 2nd Semester B. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Administrative Reform in Bd or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. Honours} Submission date-01. 22. 2012 Table of Contents Serial no | Subject |Pages | |1 |ABSTRACT |2 | |2 |INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND |31 | |3 |Brief Review of Administrative Reforms in Bangladesh |6 | |4 |Major Issues of Administrative Reform in Bangladesh |8 | |5 |List of Major Committees and Commission for Administrative Reform |20 | |6 | 25 | | |DISCUSSION ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ELABORATELY IN THE FOLLOWING | | |7 |CONCLUSION: |36 | |8 |REFERENCES |37 | ABSTRACT This assignment explores the interplay politics and administrative reform in Bangladesh by drawing some perspectives from other developing countries. It covers the period both before and after democratization of the country, hinging around the events of 1991, and thus provides the opportunity for comparisons. It has sought to draw out the relative importance of political will (including the intentions and authority) of governments, and to critically assess their capacity, the degree of co-operation they gained from civil service actors, and to assess the relevance and appropriateness of international donor interventions. INTRODUCTION All countries strive to reform their administrative system in response to the challenge posed by socioeconomic posed, political, and technical environment. Bangladesh is no exception. Since its emergence as a nation- state, Bangladesh has been trying hard to reshape its administrative system. However, despite their perceived importance, administrative reform in Bangladesh has encountered serious hurdles over the last thirty years. Since 1971 after a civil war 17 reforms have been taken from which some reforms are very crucial. You read "Administrative Reform in Bd" in category "Papers" The major administrative reforms and their fate are discussed elaborately in the following†¦ BACKGROUND: Bangladesh bears a colonial legacy in its entire public administration system. Presentday Bangladesh was part of the British Empire for almost two hundred years. In 1947 Pakistani rulers replaced the British and dominated the area then known as East Pakistan until a bitter war in 1971 brought about an independent Bangladesh. A colonial imprint persists in Bangladesh especially in political and administrative Arrangements . The British tradition helped the bureaucracy to become an essential tool of governance. At the same time, it is accused of following the â€Å"Pakistani tradition of involvement in power politics† (Hague, 1995). The political system of Bangladesh has survived a series of transitions. A few years of democracy were followed by nearly fifteen years of military rule. In 1990, for the first time, Bangladesh achieved a fully functioning democratic structure. Ironically, the nature and role of bureaucracy in both the pre and post-democratic period remained almost the same except for an increase in number of ministries, divisions, departments and statutory bodies (Ahmed, 2002: 323-26). The role of government has changed in the course of Bangladesh’s development. After independence its focus was the attainment of development in all spheres of life by intervention and the use of administration in a constructive way. Government and administration were seen not merely as a regulator but as a facilitator. However, it can be argued that development, when considered as a multi-dimensional concept, cannot be attained and sustained without good governance. The term â€Å"good governance† has Acquired tremendous importance in the contemporary world, especially in the context of the developing countries. For example, many developing countries have prepared . Essential component in implementing the plans and strategies to achieve the targets set forth by PRSP; but good governance is a component that most developing countries seriously lack. Merilee S. Grindle points out that when determining their priorities and taking steps to ensure good governance, most developing countries go too far: they chalk out a plan or strategy far beyond the limited capacity of the institutions charged with implementation responsibilities. Grindle suggests redefining â€Å"Good Governance† as â€Å"Good Enough Governance†, that is, â€Å"a condition of minimally acceptable government erformance and civil society engagement that does not significantly hinder economic and political development and that permits poverty reduction initiatives to go forward† (Grindle, 2004: 526). In Bangladesh, a second-generation development challenge is to achieve â€Å"good enough governance†. No matter how much a government tries, success will not be attained if it lacks competent institutions to implement policies. Public administration is the key institution for policy implementation. If it is not functioning well, then PRSP targets are unlikely to be met. The state has to make sure that its administrative apparatus is functioning well, so that it can innovate and implement solutions and that it can ensure that the poor will not be excluded from the process and benefits of development. From the beginning of the 1990s, the role of government has changed from an intervener to a referee; instead of playing the game, its main duty is to make sure that a fair game is being played. This reinvented role of the government necessitates redefining the role of the bureaucracy. Bureaucracy can be considered as an â€Å"open† system that interacts with or is affected by the environment in which it operates. Traditionally, this environment consisted of only the â€Å"domestic economic, political and social context within which the organization is located. † Now, however, â€Å"public organizations are more often faced with global threats and opportunities that affect their operations and perspectives† (Welch and Wong, 2001: 372-73). The performance of a public organization depends largely on how the domestic political institution handles global pressures as well as how it interacts with the bureaucracy. In a country like Bangladesh, where global pressure is eminent and the domestic political institutions are ill structured, the colonial legacy places the bureaucracy in a difficult position. As globalization or market liberalization changes both the domestic context and the functioning of the bureaucracy, it is possible—but not necessarily desirable—that the two primary state institutions, politics and bureaucracy, forge an alliance. All countries strive to reform their administrative system in response to the challenge posed by socioeconomic posed, political, and technical environment. Bangladesh is no exception. Since its emergence as a nation- state, Bangladesh has been trying hard to reshape its administrative system. However, despite their perceived importance, administrative reform in Bangladesh has encountered serious hurdles over the last thirty years. Since 1971 after a civil war 17 reforms have been taken from which some reforms are very crucial. The major administrative reforms and their fate are discussed elaborately in the following Brief Review of Administrative Reforms in Bangladesh: Since the emergence of the country, a number of commissions and committees (for details, please see Annex-A) were constituted by different governments for administrative reform and reorganization to suit the needs of their respective policy declarations. The development partners also prepared several reports toward that end. A review of the major efforts is summarized below. The first political government in Bangladesh felt it necessary to rationalize and transform the provincial administrative system it had inherited into a national system which would be able to shoulder the responsibilities of a new born sovereign nation. Accordingly, the government constituted a Committee known as the Administrative and Services Reorganization Committee. The committee reviewed the administrative system thoroughly and proposed a comprehensive structure to enable it to undertake increasing development responsibilities. The recommendations were not, however, implemented due to resistance from different quarters. The subsequent military government in 1976 constituted a commission called as the Pay and Services Commission for recommending measures for administrative reform. The recommendations of the Commission were partially implemented. The Commission recommended for the introduction of an open structure system in the secretariat administration and creation of 28 cadres in the civil service. While the cadre principle was implemented, there was, in essence, a failure to introduce open structure system in the secretarial administration. The martial law government of General Ershad appointed a Committee for examining the organizational set up of the ministries/divisions, departments, directorates and other organizations. The Committee recommended reduction of the number of ministries/divisions, and of staff at the lower levels of secretarial administration, reduction in the layers of the decision making and fixing the supervisory ratio, formalizing and regularizing recruitment processes, emphasizing the principle of merit in promotion, delegation of financial and administrative powers down the hierarchy and providing training for officials. But major recommendations of the Committee were not implemented (Khan, 1991). Later, the martial law government appointed another committee, known as Committee for Administrative Reforms/Reorganization (CARR). The Committee recommended for renaming of Thanas as Upazilas (sub-districts), upgrading the Sub-divisions into districts and installation of elected local governments at district, Upazilla and union levels for the transfer of development functions to these elected local bodies. This time, the government implemented most of the recommendations of the Committee. It upgraded Thanas into Upazilas and sub-divisions into districts. It introduced democratic governance though limited in scope at the Upazila level. In 1987, a Cabinet Sub-committee was formed to recommend policy measures for implementing recommendations of the Secretaries Special Committee on the Structural Organization of the Senior Services Pool (SSP) and the Secretarial Committee relating to the problem of unequal prospects of promotion of officers of different cadre services. The Committee recommended the abolition of the SSP and certain other measures to improve prospects of promotion of officers of various cadre services. The government accepted the recommendations of the Committee and abolished the SSP in 1989. In the same year, another committee was constituted to reexamine the administrative structure and the man power position. The Committee found that 7000 officers and employees were surplus in 37 departments and offices. On the basis of its findings, the Committee recommended the abolition of 27 departments (Khan, 1991; USAID, 1989; Ali, 1993). During the tenure of the last government, an empirical study was conducted and two committees were constituted to look into problems of public administration and recommend measures for reforms. The Public Administration Sector Study was sponsored by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) with a view to suggesting an open, transparent, accountable and performance oriented administrative system to support parliamentary democracy. The Four Secretaries Committee and Committee for Restructuring Ministries/Department were constituted by the government. The areas of investigation of these committees and study included secretarial administration and work procedures, ministry-department relationship, ministry-corporation relationship, project cycle, organization and structure of government, decision making, accountability, human resources development, financial management and corruption. Recommendations made by them were of multifarious nature corresponding to the nature of the problems. The present government constituted the Public Administration Reform Commission in 1997 with the mandate to recommend policies, programs and activities to improve the level of efficiency, effectiveness, accountability and transparency in public organizations and to enable them to fulfil the government’s commitment to ensure socio-economic development and reach out its benefits to the people. The Commission made three types of recommendations, interim, short term and long term for administrative reforms in areas such as, defining of mission and functions of the public offices; affirming professionalism in the civil service; performance monitoring and result oriented performance, audit of government agencies; delegation of powers to subordinate and field offices; open and free access to government documents and reports for the sake of transparency and accountability; separation of judiciary from the executive; separation of audit from accounts; simplification of outdated laws, rules, regulations and forms (GOB, 2000). The Government has implemented some of the interim recommendations of the commission. The cabinet in a recent meeting accepted in principle the other recommendations of the commission. Major Issues of Administrative Reform in Bangladesh: The importance and significance of various reform efforts can not be denied as these have addressed to a large number of is sues relating to public administration in Bangladesh. But it is believed that the following issues should be taken into consideration while attempting for any comprehensive eform effort in the future. 1Role of Government The role of government in terms of dimension and nature of involvement in various activities has direct bearing on any reform effort. With respect to size and functional involvement, the Government of Bangladesh has assumed an all pervasive character. The lack of private initiative, which is a historical phenomenon, as well as government’s compulsions, especially just after the emergence of the country, provided the basis for the extended role and functions of the government. As a result, the role and functions of the government in Bangladesh has become all encompassing from the centre to the grassroots level. Its traditional functions also termed as regulatory functions (maintenance of law and order, collection of revenue and administration of justice) now constitute only a small segment, though their importance has not been reduced at all; rather increased manifold, of the voluminous functions of public administration. But by the nineties of the last century, some major and qualitative changes have taken place both in the internal and external environment of the country. The thrust for the reduced and limited role of the government is recognized nationally and internationally. In the economic sector, local private, and international and multinational initiatives are quite successful in various ventures while the government is found unsuccessful in managing and running public enterprises. On the other hand, a large number of Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), national and international, are shouldering some service and development responsibilities and also demonstrating better performance in their own spheres (CDRB and DPC, 1995). All these realities are now considered as the reflection of the freedom of individual belief and rights-two lofty ideals of modern day democracy. Thus there are both objective and subjective reasons to review the role and functions of the government. 2Public Policy Commitments Public policy commitments generally reflect the hopes and aspirations of the people and the demands of the time. These commitments are made in a democratic polity by the political parties both in power and aspiring to go to power. Public policy commitments are later translated into administrative actions. In Bangladesh, it has been observed that the public policy commitments made by the government are not pursued wholeheartedly. The institutional mechanisms, both internal and external, are also weak to monitor the translation of these into concrete administrative actions. Internal mechanisms include, administrative and political will of the government and effective administrative monitoring system. On the other hand, external mechanisms are specific parliamentary standing committees and effective role of the political parties in parliament and constructive role of the press and media. Moreover, public policy commitments lack consensus especially of the opposition political parties. As a result, public policy commitments made by one government are, in many cases, scraped or set aside by the next government that comes to power. 3Neutral Governance Currently neutral governance has become a common concern of politicians, administrators, academics and common people as every body are beneficiaries of it. Neutral governance is essential for the sustenance, growth and development of democratic polity. Modern day parliamentary democracies are based on multi party system. Under the system, a number of political parties with varying ideologies and agenda compete for assuming the state power or forming the government through the electoral process. Political parties stay in power so long as they enjoy the support and confidence of the people. The public administrative system that symbolizes permanency and continuity has to function under and at the direction of different political parties at different points of time. Under the above reality, the administration must ensure neutral governance. The concept of neutral governance with respect to a developing country like Bangladesh could be viewed from the perspective of Maintenance of Law and Order/Enforcement; Administration of and Access to Justice; and Planning and Execution of Development Programs. 3. 1Maintenance of Law and Order/Enforcement Maintenance of law and order is essential for ensuring neutral governance. Broadly speaking, maintenance of law and order has two aspects viz. maintenance of public peace, investigation and trial of criminal cases (GOP, 1960). The above involves both executive and judicial functions. Three elements are involved in it, the police, the magistracy and the judiciary (Ali, et. al. , 1983). The maintenance of public peace does not mean pre vention and control of any special type of crime. This deals with general law and order situations that may even be disturbed by non-criminal activities. Though crime may be committed, the real nature of the emergency here may be political or economic or communal. On the other hand, the investigation and trial of criminal cases may be described as prevention; investigation and detection; and prosecution of crime. It is believed that first of all crime should be prevented. If not prevented then the crime is committed. Once a crime is committed it must then be investigated and detected. The successful investigation leads to prosecution. Besides these, the police perform many other functions that have direct or indirect bearing on the maintenance of law and order/enforcement. Some of these are: execution of processes of criminal courts, regulation of crowds and traffic and other duties to meet emergency situations. To ensure neutral governance with respect to the maintenance of law and order/enforcement, the police administration should enjoy freedom from interference from any quarters. If interference are made Police administration can not function or discharge its duties and responsibilities without fear or favour. But in recent years, it has been alleged that the law enforcing agencies have been subjected to influences of various kinds to meet the political ends of the parties in power. Such practices seriously erode the confidence of the people and directly violate the principle of neutral governance, above all, they encourage the police particularly at the lower echelons, to take advantage of such biased position of the authorities to convert the opportunity for unrestrained personal gains. And this is what has happened in Bangladesh. 3. 2Administration of and Access to Justice-Rule of Law Administration and access to justice is a primary requirement for establishing the rule of law in the country. Again, the rule of law must be considered as an important dimension for sustainable democracy, accountable administration and equitable development. In the area of administration of justice in Bangladesh, the judicial system is subjected to some fundamental and procedural problems. Although there is constitutional provision for the separation of judiciary from the executive, concrete steps are yet be taken to separate the two especially at the lower level. It has been reported that now a bill proposing the separation of the judiciary and the executive is pending in the parliament for enactment. The combination of the executive/police and authority of criminal justice in the hands of the executive government was the innovation of the colonial power and it was specifically designed to meet the colonial purposes. However, non-action to separate the judiciary from administration helped accentuate bureaucratic authoritarianism and interference in the judicial process especially at the lower levels. Moreover, certain constitutional provisions require collaborative efforts of the Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs and the Supreme Court in the area of personnel management of the judges. Interference of the executive branch in the personnel management of the judiciary hampers judicial independence. In Bangladesh, successive governments meddled with the affairs of the judiciary to serve their narrow political ends. This state of affairs has seriously eroded the confidence of the people in the impartiality of the judicial process. Access to justice is another precondition for establishing rule of law in the country. Easy and timely access to judicial redress is essential for limiting or arresting the high handedness of the executive organ of the government. Repressive and sweeping laws also limit the private citizens’ access to the judiciary. Moreover, the structural and institutional inefficiency of the judicial system has created manifold problems which fails to check the excesses of the executive arm and the bureaucratic authority and to safeguard the civil rights of the people at large. 3. Planning and Execution of Development Program Another dimension of the concept of neutral governance is the neutral or impartial planning and execution of development programs. In developing countries like Bangladesh, initiatives for balanced development of the different parts of the country should come from the government. Moreover, for obvious reasons, the government has to shoulder the major responsibility with respect to economic and social sector development. But it has been observed that, in many cases, development programs are undertaken and executed to serve the narrow party interest of the political party in power at the expense of the national interest. The other phenomenon that is very much in existence in Bangladesh is that the people who are associated with the ruling party are awarded with various contracts relating to the execution of the development programs. Such practices breed corruption and the quality of the execution of the development programs also suffers. Sometimes, a nexus is developed between the political parties, government executing agencies and the implementers/contractors that results in waste and unnecessary cost escalation of development projects. But the concept of neutral governance with respect to planning and execution of the development programs suggests that national, not narrow party and or other interests, should come into prominence in the planning and execution of the development programs. The legitimate policy bias should not pervade the concept of neutral governance with respect to planning and execution of specific development plans and projects. It is natural that different political parties will have different policies and programs but this does not mean that their implementation should any way suffer from any partisan application. .4. Provider of Services Government’s role has changed with the passage of time. In the beginning, the basic purpose was to maintain the steady state. As such, the role was basically regulatory in nature. The concentration was on revenue collection, maintenance of law and order and administration of justice. The administrative system that Bangladesh inherited from the British in 1947 was developed for assuming the above stated roles. Then the government for the first time was called upon to shoulder new responsibilities in addition to its earlier role in traditional/regulatory administration. In the sphere of traditional administration, the emphasis was on maintaining steady state so that the nation can strive for better life both at the individual citizen’s level and also at the national level (Hussain, 1986). With the changed scenario, a new dimension was added to the role of the government, i. e. , development administration. The assumption of this new role was necessitated with the rising expectations of the people. Government at this stage, in the absence of any other alternative choice, had to intervene in different sectors (broadly, economic and service) of the national life to ensure all round national development. The situation in 1947 was such that there was virtually no private sector and entrepreneurial capacity of the private citizens was almost non-existent. Under compulsion, the government had to intervene in all sectors. This phenomenon continued through out the Pakistani period. Another point should be noted here that during this period whatever capacity developed in the private sector was confined mostly to the erstwhile West Pakistani (now Pakistani) nationals (Ahmed, 1980; Jahan, 1977) After the emergence of Bangladesh the situation was even worse. The institutional business enterprises and industries were mostly owned by the Pakistanis and these were left behind by them. The government had no choice but to nationalize those. On the other hand, government of the time also opted for a mixed economy. Consequently, the government’s roles and functions increased manifold. Besides, this period also witnessed the creation of a number of public enterprises especially in the economic sector (Sobhan and Ahmed (1980). In the service sector the government’s role and functions also increased considerably. The government ultimately became the main provider of services to the people. After the change of government in 1975, Government’s policies regarding its role underwent fundamental changes. Emphasis was put on the development of private initiatives in all sectors of national life. In the economic sector, thrust was given for the development of private entrepreneurial class (Ahmed, 1980). At the same time, the government went for the denationalization of different state owned enterprises. This period also saw the rise of a large number of Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). These organizations started to take active part in development and service sectors especially at the grassroots level. In spite of all these developments, the government in Bangladesh still remains the primary providers of services in all sectors. The all encompassing role of the government resulted in mismanagement and overburdening of the administrative system. Now the time has come to redefine and delimit the role of the government as provider of services and also to look for alternative strategies for providing these to suit the demand of time. 5Civil Service An efficient and effective role of civil service in a developing democratic polity is of vital importance. The efficiency of public servants is a sine qua non for managing the affairs of the state. On the other hand, the involvement of the public servants must not transcend the boundary of the democratic framework. However, bureaucratic efficiency depends on conducive political and bureaucratic environment and culture suiting the needs of the hour; existence of the democratic values in the administrative system; and existence of mechanisms to have checks on bureaucratic excesses. 5. 1Bureaucratic Norms In multi-party democracy, public servants have to perform functions, such as, to inform the ministers and parliament with complete and accurate data presented objectively and in time; to advise ministers by analysis of data and appraisal of options in which they can have confidence; to implement ministerial decisions and to administer resultant decision; and to be responsible to minister and parliament for their actions (or inaction) with particular reference to the safeguarding of public funds and ensuring effective value for money (Stowes, 1992). With respect to the bureaucratic norms of the civil service in Bangladesh experience reveals that these are adhered to a very limited scale. A number of socio-economic and political factors, including historical peculiarities have impeded the growth of accountable structure of administration in Bangladesh. As a result, the ‘high office arrogance’, unethical behaviour, gross inefficiency, failure to respect legislative intent a nd failure to show initiatives have become apparent in the civil service of Bangladesh (Hussain and Sarker, 1995). 5. 2Decision Making Process Efficient decision making procedures are part of the professional and result-oriented administration. The organization and structure of the government and public service and administrative culture have bearing on the decision making system. In Bangladesh, the Rules of Business outline the basic provisions relating to the distribution of responsibilities among different units of government. Under the existing arrangement of the governmental administration, the ministry is responsible for formulating policies. The directorates/departments/statutory bodies and field offices implement policies. In fact, the existing arrangement implies a policy formulation-implementation dichotomy. Interestingly, such a dichotomy has a corresponding relationship to the structural arrangement of the system, resulting in the conflicting relationship between generalists and specialists. There is also confusion about the nature of decisions. It is difficult to draw a demarcation line between the policy decisions and the operational decisions. This confusion complicates the disposal of cases. This, along with centralized tendency in administration causes delay in decision making. Jurisdictional infringement, buck passing, distortion of priorities, employee disorientation and misallocation of resources are many of the factors responsible for such a state of affairs (Huda and Rahman, 1989). The other important aspect that may be noted here is that the discourse on decision making is confined only to the bureaucratic structure. For instance, there is no indication in the Rules of Business regarding the role of parliament members in decision making particularly at various administrative levels, without violating the separation of power policy. 5. 3Corruption Corruption has been and continues to be an unfortunate integral part of administrative culture in Bangladesh. But in recent times, it has taken an all pervasive form. A recent donor sponsored study reflecting on the harmful effect of bribery, corruption, kickbacks and under the table payments for various administrative decisions and actions noted that the per capita income in corruption free Bangladesh could have nearly doubled to US$ 700 (currently it is estimated to be US$350) (Transparency International, Bangladesh, 2000). Government officials especially, involved in development projects, service delivery, enforcement and regulatory agencies at all levels are reported to be colluding with private bidders and contractors and service seekers and consequently amassing vast illegal incomes in the bargain. The reasons for such corruption can be summed up: Firstly, because of institutional weaknesses, civil servants involved in corrupt practices, in most of the cases, are not taken to task and they indulge in corruption with impunity. Moreover, even if found guilty, they have never been adequately punished nor compelled to return to the state their ill-gotten wealth. Secondly, for quick service delivery, citizens in general, now do not mind to pay bribes and kickbacks. Thirdly, there is now social acceptance of corruption. Fourthly, barring occasional public procurements, the representatives of the people, i. e. politicians especially those who are in power, are not very enthusiastic to take effective measures to curb corrupt practices in public dealings. Rather in many cases, it is alleged that they have become party to various dubious deals. 6. Administrative Accountability Government policy decisions are implemented through bureaucratic mechanisms; as such, administrative accountability is essential for good government. In developing polity, there is a tendency on the part of the public bureaucracy to exercise power in an authoritarian manner. Bangladesh bureaucracy is also no exception to that. Authoritarian organization culture still persists. Democratic values are still lacking in the bureaucracy. This is due to the colonial legacy that the administration inherited and lack of experience of the bureaucratic system to function under broader democratic political environment. There is a marked lack of clarity and in deed there is an imbalance between the role of bureaucracy and the role of public representatives and political leaders in the policy making and overall governance system. No systematic measures have been taken so far to streamline the institutional integration of popular interests and technical expertise at all levels of government. As a result, efficiency and accountability suffer under democratic political leadership. The arrogance of high office, unethical behaviour, failure to respect legislative intent and apathy towards work have been rampant (UNDP, 1993). However, elaborate measures should be undertaken to curtail bureaucratic excess. Its role should not go beyond the limits that may thwart democratic ideals and practices. Some of the measures could be through the effective roles of the parliament, media and the civil society. . 1Role of Parliament Bangladesh has again gone back to the parliamentary form of government after amending the constitution (GOB, 1998). Under the present system, the executive branch is responsible to the parliament and that the peoples’ representatives must have sufficient voice in the design and formulation of public policy. In Bangladesh, the parliament is primarily concerned with enacting legislation and ratifying decisions that the executive has already taken. Thus, it is clearly observed that peoples’ representatives have no substantive role in policy formulation. The role of parliamentary committees is very significant in this regard. These statutory committees are expected to scrutinize various aspects of government actions. Moreover, they should function in such a manner so as to ensure transparency of vital government businesses. However, in Bangladesh, the parliamentary committees so far have failed to play the vital role in making the administration accountable. Some important committees such as, Public Accounts Committee, Committee on Estimates, Committee on Public Undertaking and other standing committees on various ministries are not performing well enough to ensure accountability of executive government. Committee meetings are not held regularly and ministers in many cases do not attend the meetings. More importantly, the decisions of the committees are not followed by actions. The other feature of Bangladesh politics is the excessive reliance on exercising executive authority by keeping the parliament in the dark. In most cases, policy issues are not discussed in the parliament. This weakens parliament’s authority to hold the executive accountable to it. Another interesting feature of Bangladesh politics is that the opposition political parties oppose the ruling party for the sake of opposition only. Moreover, boycotting/non-participation in the sessions of the parliament has also become a regular practice of the opposition political parties. But to have healthy political environment and to hold the party in power responsible for the actions/inaction, opposition political parties should play a positive role both within and outside the parliament. 6. 2Role of Media Role of media is very important in ensuring administrative accountability. Information about government actions are largely reported through the media both electronic and print. By ensuring free flow of information, the media also ensures transparency of administrative actions. Currently, the print media is enjoying considerable freedom in Bangladesh. They bring lapses and excesses of the executive to the notice of the public and thereby making them accountable. But exclusive government control over state run mass media like radio and television run contrary to the concept of free flow of information and transparency. Such exclusive control has negative bearing on ensuring administrative accountability. In Bangladesh, both radio and television are solely owned and controlled by the government. As a result, these two media are acting as the spokesmen of the government or rather the party in power. Impartial information and views, in most of the cases, are not usually broadcast. Moreover, views of the opposition political parties and groups do not receive proper and adequate attention of the state run radio and television. As we know, the role of media by facilitating the free flow of information of all government actions is very essential for ensuring executive and administrative accountability. The reforms which, according to the press reports, are on the anvil appear to fall short of expectations of the nation in as much as the government control on the state run electronic media remains virtually overlooked. 6. 3Role of Civil Society From a functional perspective, there is a general tendency to treat civil society as one of the three sections that constitute a nation – the other two being the public sector or the government and the private sector or the profit-seeking enterprises. Very broadly, civil society can be defined as those organizations that exist between the level of the family and the state and enjoy a degree of autonomy from the state and the market, and provide a counter-balance to the power of the state and the market. Civil society may also be viewed as organized activities by groups or individuals either performing certain services or trying to influence and improve the society as a whole, but are not part of government or business (Jorgensen, 1996). In Bangladesh, civil society includes indigenous community groups, mass organizations, cooperatives, religious societies, trade unions, and professional bodies. Given the dynamics of the political process, it is indeed difficult to set a prescribed role for the civil society in Bangladesh. The role of civil society, in fact, depends on the nature of the demand and prevailing conditions of a polity. However, areas of involvement of the civil society in the context of Bangladesh are policy advocacy, mobilization of public opinion, demand creation, active participation in policy formulation process, bridging the gap between citizens and government, pressurizing the government with the help of the media, supporting the popular movement in favour of a given policy issue, lobbying with the donor groups/development partners, playing the role of mediator/ arbitrator between citizens and government, and policy analysis, etc. Civil society, by its actions, performs as pressure group in the polity in attaining administrative accountability. In the true sense of the term, the civil society is only emerging in Bangladesh. In recent years, the civil society has made some limited but positive contributions towards ensuring executive and administrative accountability. But it has been observed that some groups of the civil society movement are politicized and divided on political lines. Though there has been a steady and random growth of the civil society organizations, there is virtually no active network of them to look after collective interests of the people. More concerted efforts are needed to organize and further develop the civil society institutions so that they can play an appropriate role in making the executive and the administration accountable to people. MAJOR ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS The major administrative reforms and their fate are discussed elaborately in the following List of Major Committees and Commission for Administrative Reform |S. n. |Name of the Committee/Commission |Focus Areas |Major Recommendations |Observation | |1 |Civil Administration Restoration |Organizational set up for the |Establishment of 20 Ministries, 3 other secretariat organizations and|Secretariat administration was reorganized with 20 ministries. | |Committee, 1971 |Government after the emergence of |7 constitutional bodies |Constitutional bodies like Supreme Court, the High Court, the Public | | | |Bangladesh |Detailed specification of functions of civil servants at the |Service Commission, the Election Commission and the Office of the | | | | |Div ision, District, Sub-division levels |Comptroller and Auditor General were established | | | | |Providing appropriate status and respect to the officers and staff of| | | | | |civil administration as lawful organs of the Government | | |2 |Administrative and Services Structure |Civil Service Structure |Unified civil service structure with a continuous grading system |The report of the Committee was not published | | |Reorganization Committee, 1972 | |from top to the bottom. Division of all posts into two broad | | | | | |categories: Functional and Area Group Posts. Top 3 grades, i,e. I, | | | | | |II and III to be designated as Senior Policy and Management Posts | | |3 |National Pay Commission, 1972 |Pay Issues |10 scales of pay in line with the recommendation of the ASRC |New national pay scale with 10 grades was introduced | |4 |Pay and Services Commission, 1977 |Civil Service Structure and Pay Issues |52 scales of pay and equal initial scales of pay and equitable |The New Na tional Grades and Scales of Pay was introduces with 21 | | | | |opportunities for advancement to the top for all |scales of pay | | | | |Introduction of Superior Policy Pool at the top of the civil service |28 services under 14 main cadres were created within the civil service| | | | |Establishment of Civil Service Ministry by abolishing Establishment |A Senior Services Pool was constituted | | | | |Ministry | | |5 |Martial Law Committee for Examining |Reorganization and Rationalization of |Reduction in the number of ministries/divisions/directorates and |Number of ministries were reduced from 36 to 19 | | |Organizational Set up of |Manpower in Public Sector Organizations|sun-ordinate offices |Number of other offices were reduced from 243 to 181 | | |Ministries/Divisions/Directorates and | | |Number of constitutional bodies were reduced from 12 to 9. Number of | | |other organizations, 1982 | |Reduction of layers for decision making |officials and employees mostly working at the lower levels was reduced| | | | | |from 9,440 to 3,222 | | | | |Delegation of administrative and financial powers down the hierarchy | | |6 |Committee for Administrative Reform and |Reorganization of Field Level |Up gradation of Thanas with Thana Parishads as the focal point of |The new system of administration and local government was introduced | | |Reorganization, 1982 |Administration |local administration |in 460 Thana’s (Thanas were later renamed as Upazilas) | |7 |National Pay Commission, 1984 |Pay Issues |New National Pay Scale with 20 grades |The New National Scales of Pay was introduces with 20 scales of pay | | |Secretaries Committee on Administrative |Promotion Aspects |Maintenance of status quo for 10 cadre services as promotion prospect| | | |Development, 1985 | |had been satisfactory | | |8 |Special Committee to Review the Structu re |Structure of Senior Services Pool (SSP)|Continuation of SSP as a cadre |Recommendations were referred to the Cabinet Sub-committee for | | |of Senior Services Pool, 1985 | |Entry into the SSP only through examination to be conducted by the |examination | | | | Public Service Commission | | | | | |Tenure of Secretaries be limited to 8 years | | |9 |Cabinet Sub-committee, 1987 |Review of SSP and Promotion Aspects |Creation of 50% of posts of Deputy Secretaries within the pay scales |Recommendations were referred to the Council Committee for | | | |Rules of Business |of Taka 4200-5200 for making SSP more attractive |examination. The recommendations of the Council Committee were not | | | | |Tenure of Secretaries should not be limited |approved by the President | |10 | 1996Committee to Re-examine the necessity|Necessity or otherwise of keeping | | | | |of keeping certain Government Offices in |certain Government Offices | | | | |the light of changed circumstances, 1989 | | | | |11 |National Pay Commission,1989 |Pay Issues |Revised National Scales of Pay |20 revised Nation Scales of Pay was introduced | |12 |Administrative Reorganization Committee, |Administrative structure and staffing |Reduction of the number of ministries from 35 to 22 and the number of|The report of the Committee was not made public | | |1993 |patterns |administrative organization from 257 to 224 | | | | | |Provisional structure for the Office of Ombudsman | | | | |Creation of a Secretariat for the Supreme Court | | |12 |National Pay Commission, |Pay Issues |Revised National Scales of Pay |20 revised Nation Scales of Pay was introduce d | | | |Structure and reorganization of | | | | | |manpower across | | | | | |Ministries/Departments/Directorates, | | | | | |etc. | | |13 |Administrative Reorganization Committee, |Administrative structure for improving | | | | |1996 |the quality and standard of service, | | | | | |achieve transparency and efficiency | | | |14 |Public Administration Reform Commission, | |Determination of Missions and functions of the public offices |Some of the interim recommendations have been implemented | | |1997 | |Formation of a professional policy making group â€Å"Senior Management |The recommendations of the Commission have been accepted by the | | | | |Pool† Lateral entry into the civil service |government in a recently held cabinet meeting | | | | |Reduction of the number of ministries from 36 to 25 and the abolition| | | | | |of 6 organizations. Establishment of the Supreme Court Secretarial. | | | | |Establishment of the Office of the Ombudsman | | | | | |The local co uncils/Parishads at the district, Upazila and Union | | | | | |should have overall authority of coordination of development | | | | | |activities . Establishment of an Independent Commission Against | | | | | |Corruption, Establishment of a Criminal Justice Commission | | | | | |Magnetization of public service benefits; Establishment of a Public | | | | | |Administration Reform monitoring Commission | | DISCUSSION ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ELABORATELY IN THE FOLLOWING†¦. Administrative and service structure reorganization committee(ASRC): On 15 March 1972 a four members administrative and service reorganization committee (ASRC) was appointed and submitted its report in two phases in April 1973 and in May 1974. Mission of ASRC: The ASRC was asked – To consider the present structure of various service†¦.. And determine the future structure keeping in the view fundamental needs. To consider the amalgamation of all civil services †¦.. Into one unified service. To determine the principle of integration of the personnel of various service in the new structure and to determine inter seniority of personnel in different service. To determine the future recruitment policy in the government service and various levels. To prepare and recommend a comprehensive scheme for administrative reorganization. Significant recommendation: The ASRC have done some important recommendations. As like- The committee felt that division between former all Pakistan and other central superior services and the former provincial service as well division between higher and lower classes be abolished and a continuous grading system from top to bottom should be substituted in each occupational group. The committee suggested that reservation of posts for various groups within the public service should be discontinued. All public servants, the ASRC recommended, should be organized in a single classes unified grading structure (UGS) covering the whole public service. To inculcate professionalism in the public service, the committee suggested, division of all posts within it into two broad categories to be designated as functional posts and area group posts. The ASRC called for designating posts in top three grades, i. e. I. II and III as senior policy and management posts and tightening selection procedure for entrance into senior management positions. The committee also suggested a detail plan as to how its proposal for UGS be implemented throughout the public service. The ASRC felt that individuals should be recruited to various grads as in the public service on the basis of merit as tested by their performance in competitive public examination. The ASRC also made a number of specific recommendations to democratize the governance and reduce the powers. As like- Increasing devolution of power and authority to elected local governments at different levels district, Thana, and union was forcefully argued to enable locally elected officials to provide leadership in developmental activities without interference from central government officials placed in the field. Different local levels field tiers had to be rationalized with upgrading of subdivisions into districts and abolition of division. Separation of the judiciary from the executive had to be ensured for successful functioning of a democratic policy. At the central levels the role o the secretariat needed to be restricted to policy formulation, planning and evaluation of the executed plans and programs. Fate of ASRC The ASRC submitted its recommendations to the government in two phases. But there was no official response to the committee’s work till the end of the Mujib government. It is difficult to understand why far- reaching recommendations of ASRC was shelved in spite of the fact that accepting the members. All members including the chairman were close to Mujib both politically and personally. It is on record that Mujib was unhappy with the poor performance on lack of commitment of many senior civil servants. He knew the problems but did not want to go all the way to solve the malices. That created the paradox and consequently Mujib’s lack of action. National pay commission(NPC): A nation pay commission (NPC-1) was appointed on 21July 1972 under the chairmanship of a retired secretary to the government. Besides the chairman, there were nine members. The membership of the commission included full –time and five part-time members. Mission: The national pay commission (NPC-1) was assigned with a number of tasks. These included: Reviewing the pay structure of all employees in the public sector keeping in view the government’s policy of socialism. Recommending rationalization and standardization of pay scales of those who served under erstwhile central and provincial governments. Significant recommendations: The guiding principles followed by NPC-1 in recommending a rational pay structure were a livable wage, social acceptability, functionally distinguishable levels of responsibility matched with standardized pay levels and motivation based on patriotic grounds. The NPC-1 felt that a nine tiers administrative structure with corresponding pay scales could meet the requirements of a rational structure in Bangladesh during next five years 1973-1978 of the nine scales for would be normal direct entry tiers, three promotion tiers and two conversion ties but the commission’s plan had to be modified to bring it in line with ASRC recommendation. Fate of NPC Some of the recommendations f the commission were partially implemented however, majority of the recommendations of the NPC-1 were not implemented. Reasons can be offered as to why the commission’s recommendations suffered such a fact: Compression of 2200 scales into 10 scales was very difficult task and it proved to be at the implementation stage. No major segment within the civil service supported the recommendations. Rather almost everybody who mattered opposed it. Pay and service commission(PSC): The pay and service commission (PSC) was appointed on 20 February 1976 consisted of thirteen member including the chairman, headed by retired secretary who was changed in mid-way and replaced by another senior civil servant. Mission: The PSC was asked to examine the existing pay and service structure of public sector except defense service and university’s teaching posts, recommend suitable service structure and pay structure including fringe benefits for civil service. In marking its recommendation, the commission had to consider some factors such as: Functional needs and requirements of the government, job requirement or various service and posts, cost of living, resources of the government and public sector enterprises, reduction of disparity between the highest and the lowest salary levels, demand and supply of various profession and occupation. It had another main business to examine both service and pay matters of all employees in the traditional public sector and this had to be accomplished within a given set of constraints. Fate of PSC: The government slowly and implemented some of the recommendations in modified form and it took two years. Creation of twenty eight services under fourteen main cadres within the civil service. The government in 1977 provided for twenty –one scales of pay through the introduction of new national grades and scales of pay (NNGSP). In the process the government drastically scales down the number, that is fifty scales of pay which PSC recommended but the NNGSP satisfied very few people. Constitution of senior service pool (SSP) by the government. The (SSP) was modeled in light of the PSC call for creation of a superior policy pool (SSP), but the SSP order was formulated and implemented in such a manner that the objective behind SSP was willfully ignored. Martial Law Committee -1(MLC-1): A five – member martial law committee for examining organization set up of ministries /divisions , departments , directorates and other organization under them (MLC) was appointed on April 18,1982 under the chairmanship of a Brigadier . The other members of the committee were two lieutenant colonels, one major and one mid ranking civil servant. The latter was made secretary to the committee. Mission of MLC-1: The committee’s responsibility included: To review and recommend charter of duties of various sectors, branches, wings, divisions and departments. To scrutinize existing and How to cite Administrative Reform in Bd, Papers

Corporate Social Responsibility Of IKEA - Sample & Solution

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Social Responsibility of IKEA. Answer: Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility means those business practices which involve initiatives that result into some benefits to the society. CSR of any business can encompass variety of tactics from changing the companys proceeds related to charity and work to implement business operations that are greener (Caramela, S, 2016). CSR is becoming more main stream as it helps the company to think forward and maintain sustainability into the core of their business. CSR may not provide immediate benefits to the company but it surely promotes positive environmental and social change (Paetzold, K, 2010). It is just a broad term to describe the efforts of a company to improve the condition of the society. In this report the Corporate Social Responsibility of IKEA is discussed to know the importance and challenges that takes places at the time of implementing such practices. The Swedish company termed as a furniture giant is a company that is based on value services. This company has received an acclaim both in Sweden and abroad because of its bad CSR policies. The most striking thing is that despite of its aggressive focus cost cutting, it comes under a leading company when related with the CSR issues. IKEA is interested in promoting cheap products and it becomes difficult for other companies to integrate their business activities with IKEA. Economical Responsibility The first criterion of corporate social responsibility is the economic responsibility (Schwartz, M, 2011). IKEA is engaged in providing products and services that societies seek, in order to maximize profit for the owners and shareholders of the company (Ikea.greentechab.com, 2015). Milton Friedman who is a Nobel economist proposed that now the economic responsibility is considered to be a profit maximization responsibility for IKEA. This says that the company should operate on a profit oriented basis with a mission to enhance the companys profit. In general, the profit making goals of the company is not considered to be an inadequate criterion of performance. The company treated economic gain to be a social responsibility and this is what brought troubles for the company. Ethical Conduct of IKEA The vision of IKEA is to create a better life for many people. The business supports this by providing a wide range of home furnishing products at a lower price that are well designed so that people can afford them and fulfil their needs. The company is focusing only in making profits and forgets to maintain an ethical balance of their business activities. IKEA was recently exposed of practicing unethical practices (Wadsworth, M, 2015). The suppliers use exploitative child labour and also involved in illegal logging which has the potential to destroy protected forests. IKEA has always been a part of ethical controversies since its early days. Recently the company has been investigated for promoting child labour. Discretionary Responsibility Discretionary responsibility means voluntary contribution made by the organization to make social contributions which are not mandated by ethics, economic and laws. This kind of activities generally includes philanthropic contributions that are truly generous and offers no payback to the company and could not even expect so. It is one of the highest criterions of CSR as it is beyond the expectation of the society that can contribute to the welfare of the society. IKEA should understand the interest of various groups who are associated with the business such as of the shareholders, customers, employees, creditors and the suppliers. IKEA products are manufactured under working conditions that is acceptable. It also deals in products that are sold for low price so that general public can accomplish their desires. This group of company strongly believes that healthy, safe and non discriminating conditions are prerequisites for conducting business (Ukessays.com, 2015). IKEA owns a special code of conduct that solves the queries of suppliers and promotes smooth functioning of supply chain in the company. IKEA should ensure the compliance of laws and policies enforced by the government, and to avoid the influence of politics in its conduct. IKEA believes that consideration of responsibility for the environment and society in its business conduct is mainly for the sustainability of the business. It has many managers who are working constantly to fulfil its social and environmental responsibility. There are a number of specialists who covers a wide range of areas to support IKEAs business activities, such as foresters, chemical experts and energy experts. Sustainable Plan for IKEA to Improve its Social Responsibility IKEA has been practicing some form of corporate social and environmental responsibility having a broad goal that simply contributes to the well being of the society. Despite of this there is an increasing pressure to modify their CSR process so as to create business discipline and to fulfil demand that is usually initiated in delivering business activities. Too much of want to promote CSR sometimes shifts the main focus and goal of the company. Therefore to avoid such problems it is essential to develop an efficient CSR plan so that IKEA can maintain a balance between the objectives of the company and to serve the society and community. Even if IKEA embrace the broad vision of CSR, due to poor coordination and lack of logical connection they get hampered. The internal managers of IKEA should actively engage themselves to develop the CSR programs in a coordinated way. IKEA can maximize the positive activities on the environmental and social systems in which they operate. According to the research the geographic and business spectrum states that the company has three types of practice. Focusing on Philanthropy It is not designed to produce profits or simply to improve business performance. Like donation of money, engagement with community initiatives, equipment to civic organizations and to support the volunteering by the employees. Improving Operational Effectiveness The business model of the company should deliver environmental and social benefits to support the business operations in the value chain to improve the efficiency and effectiveness in the conduct. IKEA should realise their responsibility towards the society and should take initiative to reduce the uses of resources that is to make optimum utilization of the resources as it may result in a favourable situation by reducing the cost. The employee working conditions should be improved, there should be some investment made by the company for health care and education of their employees who can gain some knowledge about the ethical practices and social responsibility. IKEA can enhance its productivity and also increase its reputation by improving their operational effectiveness. Transforming the Business Model IKEA should form new form of business keeping in mind various social and environmental challenges that can also bring improved performance. There is always a requirement of initiative in the business, therefore by taking certain initiatives the company can reorganize their conducts and activities that are socially and environmentally improved. In terms of their suppliers, IKEA should develop a number of standards to maintain an ethical code of conduct among its suppliers. It is an urgent need for IKEA to make their suppliers realise that they should not use forced or child labour. The suppliers should among themselves assign one or more person who should be responsible to take care of such unethical practices (Larsen, T, 2007). The suppliers of IKEA shall also comply with the internal audit of every 12 months. Working conditions is another area which requires improvement in IKEA. Among the set standards limit the working hours of labours up to 60 hours per week. The forestry standards should ensure that the suppliers are not using the wood that has been obtained from those forests that comes under the protected forests. It should establish certain provisions in this context. Suppliers should not source wood from those forests by making illegally harvests; suppliers should not engage themselves in any kind of forest related conflicts. Suppliers should not source wood from the Intact Natural Forests. The source from commercial genetically modified planted trees should be prohibited by the company. A supplier sustainability index should be made to ensure all these things (Johnsen, T, Howard, M and Miemczyk, J, 2014). Corporate Governance Presently the corporate governance of IKEA is a serious issue. We all know that IKEA has pride of having a strong corporate responsibility, despite of this the company allowed the East German political prisoners to participate in the manufacturing of its furniture (Werther, W and Chandler, J, 2010). Even though this happened many years ago, but still this question arises whenever IKEAs name is linked with human rights (Pedersen, E, 2015). It is a fact that the company promoted such illegal conduct and it creates a bad image for the company. IKEA should completely stay away from such practices if they want to maintain sustainability in their existence and to practice CSR effectively. Due to such commitments it becomes difficult for the company to implement plan to avoid such activities. IKEA should keep its main focus on the quality of the product, as we know they offer products at a lower price (Edvardsson, B and Enquist, B, 2008). But that doesnt mean they can play with the quality of their products. There was a scandal that occurred in this company that the company was engaged in offering meatballs which was made of horse meat. After a serious investigation was disclosed that they imposition is true and the company had to suffer many lose. IKEA should promise quality products to the customers to create trust among them. IKEAs structure is totally complex. The management structure should be redeveloped to solve this problem. As it a non- profit firm it is also being criticised of having such non-profit policies only to exempt from tax. IKEA should try to remove such allegations. Advantages for Integrating Sustainability Portfolio into the IKEAs Strategy Over past years, sustainability has proved to be more important as compared to other objectives in an organization. Sustainability has business benefits when it is integrated with the operations of the business (Rogers, M, 2016). Some of the advantages for practicing CSR that can help IKEA to plan the strategy of the company are as follows: Improved Brand Image and Competitive Advantage Over its Rivals In a research it was developed that the customers strongly considers IKEAs impact on the environment while making purchases from the company. The customers now want to know the social responsibility that the company is carrying and then make purchases (Stefanska, M, Nestorowicz, R and Stefaska, M, 2015). Now consumers favour those companies that are actively successful in supporting their communities and whether the company is doing well in doing well. Increase Productivity CSR practices in an organization while bring increase in productivity as it creates alertness and confidence among the employees to perform their task keeping in view the policies and rules that the company has implemented for its CSR policies. Reduce Costs Development of sustainability will certainly lead to efficient operation that can conserve resources and thus reduce cost (Werther, W and Chandler, J, 2010). Reduction in cost will encompasses conservation strategy related to the energy that can be done by simply turning lights off when not need and switch on when needed. Attract Investors and Employees IKEA should improve their CSR policies to attract more investors and employees. Usually people like to associate with the positive that too the younger generation who are very much concerned with the environmental protection issues these days (Smith, N, 2010). They only want to link with those companies who are free from such CSR issues and social welfare scandals. Therefore to attract young generation IKEA should start focusing on its CSR issues and try to develop new plane to solve such issues (Wolf and Ruth, 2014). Make Shareholders Happy Sustainability is not only associated with low costs, it can also bring profits. It was found out those companies having high ratings in environmental, governance and social factors have been successful in outperforming the market in both the medium and long term range. (Knudsen, B, Christensen, D and Blenker, P, 2014). It takes dedication and coordination to apply sustainability in the business activities. Challenges Faced by IKEA Some business has to face certain barriers in integrating sustainability and CSR in its general practices. IKEA has been facing all these challenges; Senior Support To become a sustainable business it is essential for the senior level management to support such CSR policies in order to maintain sustainability in its social practices and business operations (Mosher, M, 2016). The senior level governance should conduct meetings and discuss such problems on a regular basis. As they are the one who has to make responsibility decisions and initiate CSR policies. Employee Engagement It is important to initiate positive change that will help in bringing a greater success if the employees feel proud and if they keep themselves engaged in practicing such positive activities (Purrit, J, 2012). Cost Fundamentally, all businesses have been designed to enhance profit and make money (Idowu, S and Filho, W, 2008). Therefore, introducing initiatives that are sustainable in nature usually tends to cost a lot. It becomes a bit expensive to formulate and work on promoting CSR practices. Metrics A regulatory body can easily measure the effectiveness of any plan and practices. But without such regulatory body it becomes a way to difficult. It often becomes challenging as it tends to affect the society at macro level that cannot be quantified. Suppliers Supplier identification is another challenge that IKEA often comes across. It becomes to find suppliers who can match the business needs of the company. And it also becomes difficult to sustain value. Therefore it is time consuming and difficult. Consumer Dont Care We know that consumers have purchasing power; they dont communicate their desire for products that they want. There should be a change in the attitude of the consumers to maintain sustainability in social practices. IKEA has a very strong reputation for offering low price for quality products. There is no doubt that this policy has helped IKEA to gain competitive advantage over their rivals. It should demonstrate a strong will and tendency to promote innovation, philanthropy and sustainability. The company is facing issues related to its unethical practices. There is a special investigation going on for such practices. IKEA should start obeying all the laws and practices that are applicable in the country for conducting business activities. Because of horsemeat scandal company is losing its reputation among their customers. By the initiatives that IKEA is taking we can say that the company might significantly be able to improve its CSR practices to achieve long term goals. IKEA should try to maintain a value based culture to monitor their operations in various different countries. References Caramela, S. (2016). [Online]. What is Corporate Social Responsibility? Viewed 8 October 2016 from https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/4679-corporate-social-responsibility.html Edvardsson, B and Enquist, B. (2008). Values-based Service for Sustainability Business: Lessons from IKEA. Routledge. Idowu, S and Filho, W. (2008). Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility. Springer Science Business Media. Ikea.greentechab.com. (2015). [Online]. Process. Viewed 8 October 2016 from https://www.ikea.greentechab.com/process Johnsen, T, Howard, M and Miemczyk, J. (2014). Purchasing and Supply Chain Management: A Sustainability Perspective. Routledge. Knudsen, B, Christensen, D and Blenker, P. (2014). Enterprising Initiatives in the Experience Economy: Transforming Social Worlds. Routledge. Larsen, T. (2007). Managing the Global Supply Chain. Copenhagen Business School Press. Mares, R. (2004). Business and Human Rights: A Complication of Documents. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Mosher, M. (2016). [Online]. How to Really, Truly Integrate Sustainability into Your Business. Viewed 8 October 2016 from https://sustainability.com/our-work/insights/how-to-really-truly-integrate-sustainability-into-your-business Paetzold, K. (2010). Corporate Social Responsibility: An International Marketing Approach. Diplomica Verlag. Pedersen, E. (2015). Corporate Social Responsibility. SAGE. Purrit, J. (2012). [Online]. Challenges to Being Sustainable, and How to Overcome Them. Viewed 8 October 2016 from https://www.environmentalleader.com/2012/08/14/challenges-to-being-sustainable-and-how-to-overcome-them Rogers, M. (2015). [Online]. 6 Benefits of Becoming a Sustainable Business. Viewed 8 October 2016 from https://www.environmentalleader.com/2016/03/29/6-benefits-of-becoming-a-sustainable-business Schwartz, M. (2011). Corporate Social Responsibility: An Ethical Approach. Broadview Press. Smith, N. (2010). Global Challenges in Responsible Business. Cambridge University Press. Stefanska, M, Nestorowicz, R and Stefaska, M. (2015). Fair Trade in CSR Strategy of Global Retailers. Springer. Ukessays.com. (2015). [Online]. Corporate Governance and Business Ethics of IKEA Commerce Essay. Viewed 8 October 2016 from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/commerce/corporate-governance-and-business-ethics-of-ikea-commerce-essay.php Wadsworth, M. (2015) [Online]. IKEA exposed over child labour and green issues. Viewed 8 October 2016 from https://www.the-latest.com/ikea-exposed-over-child-labour-and-green-issues Werther, W and Chandler, J. (2010). Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility: Stakeholders in a Global Environment. SAGE. Wolf and Ruth. (2014). Empowering Organizations through Corporate Social Responsibility. IGI Global.

Opposite Corners Essay Example

Opposite Corners Essay Wx LDifferenceIncreaseWx LDifferenceIncrease2 x 320106 x 3100502 x 430106 x 4150502 x 540106 x 5200502 x 650106 x 6250502 x 760106 x 7300502 x 870106 x 8350502 x 980106 x 9400502 x 1090106 x 1045050We are investigating the difference between the products of the numbers in the opposite corners of any rectangles that can be put on a 100 square.2 x 3 Rectangles123111213To keep things simple I have started with rectangles with a width of 2 squares. I kept the width to two squares and increased the length by one square. (see results table above). I discovered that the width increases by 10 every time the length increases by 1.The difference can be worked out for all rectangles with a width of 2 squares by using several formulas:1. (Length 1 x 10 = Z)3 1x 10 = 20 = ZThen(Width x Z ) Z = difference of opposite corners2 x 20 20 = 20OR2. L = Length, W = Width(L 1) (10 (W-1)) = difference of opposite cornersExample:(3 1) x (10 (2 1)) = 20OR3.123111213Using algebra and going on the theor y that the width increases by 10 when the length is increased by 1, I have calculated the value of the corners. This formula can also work out the difference.(y+10) (y + 2) = y+ 20 +10y+ 2y= y + 20 +12yy ( y + 12)= y + 12y(y + 20 +12y) (y + 12y) = difference between product.Extending the problemThe difference between the opposite corners will still be the same even if you make a billion square grid because the length will still increase by 1 and the width will increase by 10.6 x 3 Rectangles123456111213141516212223242526I have changed the size of the rectangle to see if my formulas will work for it. (The results are in the table at the top of the first page)1. 6 1 x 10 = 50Then3 x 50 50 = 1002. (6 1) x (10 (3 1) = 1003.123456111213141516212223242526(y+20) (y + 5) = y+ 100 +20y+ 5y= y + 100 +25yy ( y + 25)= y + 25y(y + 100 +25y) (y + 25y) = difference between product.= 100ConclusionI have come to the conclusion that my three formulas work for all types of rectangles and squares . There are several ways to achieve the end result for the difference of the opposite corners.

Academic degree Essay Example

Academic degree Essay Example Academic degree Essay Academic degree Essay Essay Topic: Academic Therefore the relationship will be M:N legislations. However, the we can use the multivolume attribute to combine all the degrees in to one entity, for instance, we can name the entity as DEGREE and put PhD, Master, and Bachelor in it. One problem we need to consider is that it will be very difficult to count them as all the information are gathered within the same entity. Bert Reply Quote Message unread Set Flag Rave Koran Mallard An employee may have many degrees. Here, employee ID already exists and is a field/attribute in itself. Hobbies requires a new field/attribute and comes under the entity of student details. The relationship is and the model is based on how you build the table. We can create a new table with fields for employee ID and every possible degrees. Here, the primary key of the employed becomes foreign key in the new relation table. But, this model leads many null values which can be still operated. If we use only a field for hobbies we need to assign the text field to contain more than one value. This is called as multivolume attribute. Here, a new schema is created with clear definitions of attributes about what type of attributes can be present and the number of instances of those values ii 1 r more. But still each value in a given value set must be unique without repetitions within the same location. The new schema contains a primary key, which is a combination of the employees (foreign key and unique identification value) and degree(a unique descriptive attribute). New PC pair scheme of employed and individual degrees helps in identifying which degree belongs to which employee and which employee has what degrees. Hide 1 reply RE: week 2 Question 2 Sorry a typing mistake. It is degrees in place of hobbies Reply Quote Delete John Harrington The relationship between Employee and degree is a relationship. An employee could have one or more degrees and different types of degrees such as bachelors, masters, Ph. D, and maybe a JDK could be assigned to one or more employees. It would be best to create an entity for Degree. The primary key from Employee should be used as a foreign key in Degree. Degree should have a key called DE_TYPE that could hold a degree type for each degree that the employee has earned. The Degree table could also be expanded to hold information about where and when a degree was earned. Reply Quote Email Mark as unread Hi John, Your example of degrees with the new attributes of where and when a degree was earned seem to form an interesting combination of multivolume attribute and weak entities. The dredgers is of course a multivolume attribute. The attributes when passed and where studied form weak entities which do not come into picture unless there is a mention of degrees Reply Quote Aisha Cannon The business rule An employee may have many degrees contains two entities which are employee and degrees. This rule translates into a MIN legislations because an employee can earn many degrees and a degree can be earned by many employees. The entity Degrees could be represented by several attributes, including degree type, degree major, degree institution etc. When dealing with multivolume attributes it will be necessary to create several new attributes within the original entity, but be mindful of structural problems in the table and changes in the structure that are made to accommodate modifications. Another solution for multivolume entities is to create a new entity composed of the multivolume attributes components. For example, for the entity degrees the new entity would be degrees major which means a new entity set is composed of a multivolume attributes component. The components would read, health sciences, sociology, criminal justice, human services etc. Reply Quote Email Author Jessica Forbes Aisha agree with your point as to creating a new entity composed of the multivolume attributes components as a solution for multivolume entities. It;s an important point to consider. Reply Quote Email Author Lacer Rancher ERE week 2 Question 2 Having this business rule, an employee may have many degree would quire us to have Non entity: employee and employee_degree. Each one will have primary key and only degree table would have foreign key to link with employee table. In foreign key attribute there should be stored the primary key of employee who has degrees. The relationship would be 1 because an employee can have many degrees. That case we can allow entering multiple records in employee_degree table for each employee and we would not have problem having the redundant data. I hope that does make sense. Nathan Reedy Jammed Hi Lacer Rancher I agree with your post. Altitude attribute is an MIN relationship it will cause the data redundancy so it will affect the integrity of a database. Minored to eliminate we transforming M:N relationship to I:M. Employee table having one unique id and degree table having a same unique id which links employee table. Christopher Reddened The employee to degree relationship is a M:N relationship. Employees can have one or more degrees such as Bachelors, Masters, PH. D. Or MD and each of these degree designations could be assigned to one or more employees. In this scenario it would be most logical to establish an employee primary key ND a foreign key for degree denoting degree type earned for each employee, and en entity for degree. Further information could be denoted in the table regarding types of degrees, when they were earned, etc. Reply Quote Email John Young multivolume attribute is and how it might be implemented. This business rule is an example of when a single attribute is not repeated in a scheme but had multiple values in the same table for it. The difficulty lies in it is now difficult to search the table for a particular degree that a person might have or it is nearly impossible to query an employee and list their ultimate degrees. And so the relationship between employees and degree s is one-to-many, so a primary/foreign key pair needs to be created and a new table. The new table has only one attribute to describe, the degree. In order to specifically identify every row in the table the employee table key (primary key) is needed and the degree table key (primary key) also. So both attributes form the primary key of the two tables. Set Hag James Larceny This rule creates a situation where the attribute is multivolume, an employee may have a bachelors degree in engineering, and other employee may have bachelors degree in engineering also Masters degree in chemistry. This creates the multivolume attribute, and an entity with a MIN relationship, which we know does not work in a relational database. The best way to deal with this issue is to create a new entity made up of the original multivolume attributes. This new entity can also include Associates degrees and Pads, to cover all options. Reply Quote Email Author Bottom Of Form Stephanie Gary James, I definitely agree with your solution here. While itd be fastest for lookup to store each degree as a separate attribute, itd probably be best in this case to rate a new entity that matches each employee to all his degrees. This allows more flexibility in the number of degrees possible. Reply Quote Email Author Emmanuel Addax multivolume attribute is and how it might be implemented. ) The M:N relationship would be in effect for this business rule. Many employees cold have the same degree and more than one degree. Since there are multivolume attributes there may need to be new entities created. The new entity could help specify these types of degree or can be used to specify or quantify the degree or count. Reply Quote Email Author Mike Wagner Jar In the employee and degree relationship the degree cannot exist by itself. The employee and degree exist in many to many relationship. There is a possibility that this could cost some redundancy. That is the one thing that you dont want if it can be avoided is redundancy. Reply Quote Email Author The rule that an employee may have many degrees calls for there to be a 1 relationship between the person and the degree(s) theyve attained. This can be done with only three fields as pictured below but this doesnt allow effortless searching based on the degree due to the degree field containing ultimate degrees.

Changing Economies of Asia

Globalization is the process of spreading the people, ideas and goods across the world. It increases the connectivity and interaction between the different cultures, governments and economies in the world. Globalization is used mostly to denote the connectivity of economies in case of free trade, flow of capital, and labor markets in foreign used by corporate o maximize their returns[1]. From the last few years, numbers of MNC’s are increasing which result in increasing of globalization. MNC’s stands for multinational companies, which establish their production house in number of countries. Activities conducted by multinational organizations contribute in the increasing trend of economic globalization. In last 15 years economic integration process is developed at wide level. There is tremendous growth in the three aspects of economic globalization that is trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and the international transfer of knowledge and technology. MNC’s set up their production houses in those countries where there is availability of cheap labor, liberal government policies are there, and where markets can be reached easily[2]. In this paper we discuss the impact of globalization on value chains, and also focus on the other topics which are closely related to this topic. In last we conclude the essay with the conclusion in which we describe the impact in concise way. Before discussing the impact of globalization on value chain, it is necessary that we understand the term value chain, its features defined by porter, and difference between value chain and supply chain. Value chain means activities conducted by corporate that creates value at every step. Process of value chain focuses on separating the useful activities from the waste activities. Activities which are value creating give many advantages to the corporate such as brand image, lower cost of manufacturing product and many more. The concept of value chain is defined by Michael Porter in his book launched in 1980 named as ‘competitive advantage’. According to porter value chain consists primary activities and support activities[3]. Primary activities and support activities are defined below:   There is misconception among the people that value chain and supply chain share similar concept, but there is a difference between supply chain and value chain. Supply chain is a process which interconnects all the activities, which means activities start from the manufacturing of product and ends when the product sold to the final consumer. Whereas, value chain is a process in which company conduct activities which add value to the product. Basically, these two concepts help in enhancing the quality of the products[6]. The basic differences between these two concepts are mention below: It focuses on value addition to the product at every step. Its main objective is to reach customer satisfaction Its aim is to gain competitive advantage. It is originated from management of operations. It is originated from business management. After discussing the definition and features of value chain, now we discuss how globalization has affected the value chains. A new concept was introduced that is global value chains. The economy at global level is structured around the Global Value Chain (GVC) which contributes in the increasing share of international trade, GDP, and employment.   GVCs basically connect the companies, workers and consumers around the world, and also provide chance to companies and workers of developing countries to connect and stand in the global economy. For many countries which have low level of income it is important for their development that they adopt the concept of global value chains, and insert themselves in these chains. GVCs helps in competing in the global market, capture the gains in the terms of national economic development, and it also builds the capability to generate more and better jobs which result in reducing the poverty and unemployment[7]. Now, GVCs become the most important factor for the economic globalization which was supported by the new opportunities which are technical in nature, and advantages of economic specialization. However, it is clear that GVCs play an important role in the development of economies. Current Trade Rules are not supporting the concept of GVCs, therefore new trade rules are required for GVCs. GVCs connect the markets of goods and services, which facilitate the production of goods outside the final firm. These networks based on the unbundling of different steps of the production process. GVCs make the unbundling of task easier, for example electronics/ICT, automotive and garments[8]. Impact of globalization on value chains can be understand with the help of these two terms vertical disintegration and smile curve. Vertical disintegration means that procedure which was followed by one company to cover all the activities related to raw material, administration, production, and end product. The vertical disintegration in global value chain has two important factors in the global economy[9]. Globalization and vertical integration shares a relationship from many years. John McLaren explains that globalization and vertical disintegration is not that much supportive?   The term vertical integration confer a externality which is negative in nature, which results in thinning the markets for inputs and destroy the opportunities in market[10]. On the other hand, the concept of smiling curve in relation o global value chain is used at the level of individual firms, but it was not much used on the level of industry and country. The concept of smile curve was introduced by th e Stan Shih in 1992. He observed that if both the ends of value chain shows the value added to the product, and if this concept was presented in the graph in which Y-axis is denoted for value added and X-axis is denoted for value chain. This graph automatically shapes in smile[11]. In last, we discuss the role of MNCs in outsourcing, cross border trade and trade in intermediate goods. First we discuss the role of MNCs in outsourcing, Outsourcing by MNCs provide competitive advantage and cost benefit to the companies. There are many more benefits which companies grab from the outsourcing such as enhancing the quality of the product, restructuring of product cost, and many more. Many MNCs are used outsourcing as their global strategy because of these benefits. In last few years the concept of outsourcing was growing at large level and it becomes beneficial for developing countries like India, China, Malaysia, etc. but there is disadvantage also such as job losses of the people who are belong to home country of MNCs[12]. Second we discuss the role of MNCs in cross border trade, MNC is an organization that engaged in the foreign direct investment (FDI). MNCs also engaged and control the activities of value adding in number of countries. These companies can be public or private both, structure of these companies generally consists parent companies which was established in the home country and control the subsidiaries which are established in different countries across the world[13]. Usually, MNCs engaged in cross border trade to access the market of different countries and expand the operations of its business. They also make cross border trade to improve the efficiency of production and operations. Companies set their units for production in different countries where cheap labor is easily available[14].   In way of increasing the profits many MNCs adopts the concept of horizontal and vertical integration. For achieving their profitability MNCs set their production or distribution units in other coun tries. Usually, MNCs adopt three strategies to adopt the foreign market and facilitate cross border trade such as they sign agreement with the local units of that country to sell the products of MNCs, MNCs set subsidiaries in the foreign countries under the act of that country, and in last MNCs opens branches in the foreign country which is not legally independent business units[15][16]. In last we conclude, that global value chains contribute at wide level across the world. It plays an important role in the development of economy at global level.   In this paper we discuss the impact of Globalization on the value chain, and other related topics such as definition and concept of value chain, and role of MNCs in the global economy. Value chain means activities conducted by corporate that creates value at every step, and value chain consists of two activities that is primary activity and support activity. In this we discuss the impact of globalization on value chain with help of two factors which are vertical disintegration and smile curve, and in last role of MNC which states that Activities conducted by multinational organizations contribute in the increasing trend of economic globalization. In last 15 years economic integration process is developed at wide level. There is tremendous growth in the three aspects of economic globalization that is trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and the international transfer of knowledge and technology. This paper also states the role of MNCs in outsourcing, and cross border trade which giv e more emphasis on how MNCs grab the foreign market and increase their profitability.   Techtarget. 2016. Globalization. The internet journal of search cio. Http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/globalization.   jà ¶rn kleinert. 2001. The role of multinational enterprises in globalization: an empirical overview. The internet journal of kiel institute. Https://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/the-role-of-multinational-enterprises-in-globalization-an-empirical-overview/kap1069.pdf.   The economic times. Definition of 'value chain'. The internet journal of economic times. Http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/value-chain.   IFM. Decision support tools. The internet journal of university of cambridge. Http://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/dstools/value-chain-/.  Ã‚   q stock inventory. 2013. Comparing value chain and supply chain. Http://www.qstockinventory.com/blog/comparing-value-chain-and-supply-chain/.   Gary Gereffi & Karina Fernandez-stark. 2011. Global value chain analysis: a primer. Http://www.cggc.duke.edu/pdfs/2011-05-31_gvc_analysis_a_primer.pdf.   carlos a. Primo braga. 2013. Globalization in the 21st century: The role of global value chains. The internet journal of imd. Http://www.imd.org/research/challenges/tc065-13-globalization-in-the-21st-century-the-role-of-global-value-chains.cfm.   michael g. Jacobides. 2005. Industry change through vertical disintegration: how and why markets emerged in mortgage banking. The internet journal of academy of management journal. Http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.565.6021&rep=rep1&type=pdf.   John McLaren. Globalization and Vertical Structure. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2677849?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.   Ming YE , Bo MENG , and Shang-jin WEI. 2015. Measuring Smile Curves in Global Value Chains. https://rigvc.uibe.edu.cn/docs/20160329210052329340.pdf.   Linked In. 2015. Outsourcing by multinational companies - global corporate strategy. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/outsourcing-multinational-companies-global-corporate-writer-1?trk=pulse-det-nav_art.   Hendrix Mbuckwa. 2016. The role &impact of multinational corporations (MNCS) in Malawi. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/role-impact-multinational-corporations-mncs-malawi-hendrix-mbukwa.   UNC. Multinational Corporations in the Global Economy.   https://www.unc.edu/~toatley/mncs.pdf. Richard Baldwin. 2013. Misthinking Globalisation: Twentieth-Century Paradigms and Twenty First-Century Challenges. The internet journal of Australian Economic History Review. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/24/the-wto-and-global-supply-chains/.   Supriya Guru. Role of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in Foreign Investments. https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/microeconomics/foreign-investment/role-of-multinational-corporations-mncs-in-foreign-investments/38224/.   Net MBA. The value chain. https://www.netmba.com/strategy/value-chain/. .com houses experts from all possible disciplines to help students in the best possible manner. Owing to our experts' extensive knowledge in their respective field, we are capable of providing subject-wise quality academic assistance such as marketing assignment help , mechanical engineering assignment help , English assignment help , taxation assignment help , electrical assignment help , etc.    Explain why firms’ marginal cost curves become upward sloping after a certain level of output has been reached. test While for the margina... Question: Discuss about the professional developers comprehend software?    Answer: I have been working in the USA Technologies for nine months now, and it ... 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